In modern society, there is a growing acceptance and openness towards sexual diversity, making it imperative for individuals to possess knowledge and understanding of preventing sexually transmitted infections, regardless of gender. Various types of such infections exist, including gonorrhea, syphilis, and notably, HIV/AIDS.
HIV, stemming from the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, exhibits diverse transmission patterns, with male-to-male sexual relationships comprising the highest at 68%. Other transmission categories include different blood type partners (19%), temporary and extramarital partners (7%), needle-sharing groups (4%), and individuals engaged in sex work. Based on this data from the Disease Control Department, we will delve into one of the pivotal methods for preventing and treating HIV infections, namely the use of antiretroviral medications such as PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) and PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis).
HIV vs. AIDS: Understanding the Differences and Definitions
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) and HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) are not the same but are interrelated. HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, rendering it weak. On the other hand, AIDS represents the final stage of illness resulting from HIV infection. HIV destroys CD4 cells or T-Cells, leading to a gradual decline in the immune system's effectiveness, making the body susceptible to various complications such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, and diarrhea.
How is HIV Contracted and Spread: Understanding the Transmission Mechanisms
When it comes to HIV, many associate it solely with sexual contact involving an infected person. However, HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, can be transmitted through various bodily fluids. The transmission methods include:
· Unprotected sexual intercourse: HIV can be transmitted through natural lubricants in both males and females, via contact with genital mucous membranes, the male reproductive organ, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, or the mouth.
· Sharing needles: People who share needles with someone already infected with HIV can contract the virus through blood transmission, commonly found in drug user communities.
· Contaminated blood transfusion: Receiving blood donations with HIV contamination.
· Mother-to-child transmission: During pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, an HIV-positive mother can pass the virus to her child.
Exploring the Effectiveness and Usage Differences: PrEP vs. PEP Antiviral Medications
In Thailand, there are medications available for preventing HIV infection, categorized into two types: PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) and PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis). These two types have different usage methods as follows:
PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis):
Daily PrEP: Suitable for those at daily risk, such as individuals with HIV-positive partners or healthcare professionals. The recommended dosage is one pill per day, taken at the same time, accompanied by regular blood tests to check effectiveness every three months. When taken correctly, Daily PrEP can provide nearly 100% protection against HIV infection.
On-Demand PrEP: Suited for those with occasional exposure risks, such as individuals who use shared needles or engage with multiple partners. It involves taking a pill 2-24 hours before anticipated exposure and continued daily for two days after.
PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis):
PEP is an emergency antiviral medication for individuals with negative blood test results within 72 hours of potential HIV exposure. Common exposure risks include unprotected sex, sexual assault, or accidental needle injuries in healthcare settings. PEP prevents the HIV virus from damaging the immune system, requiring a complete 28-day course. It should be taken as soon as possible, within the first 72 hours, as the virus replicates rapidly within 24-36 hours. The effectiveness of PEP increases with prompt administration, providing up to 80% protection. After completing the course, a follow-up screening is recommended to confirm whether infection has occurred or not.
Side Effects of Taking PrEP and PEP Medications: What You Need to Know
At present, individuals experiencing severe side effects and disruptions in their daily lives from taking PrEP or PEP medications are extremely rare. Most people may only encounter minor and temporary symptoms that improve and resolve on their own, such as headaches, fatigue, nausea, or diarrhea. However, individuals with bone-related concerns should consult a doctor before taking PrEP, as the medication may impact the kidneys and bones.
It is evident that HIV transmission is not solely through sexual intercourse. Sometimes, we may be at risk of infection without realizing it. Nevertheless, sexual activities remain one of the primary risks for transmission. Therefore, having good knowledge and understanding of the disease and effective preventive measures, such as proper condom use and regular health screenings, can help keep us away from HIV. For Krungthai-AXA life insurance customers interested in health care, you can explore more here https://www.krungthai-axa.co.th/th/health-advisories.
References:
· phyathai.com
· MedlinePlus
· hivhub.ddc.moph.go.th
· th.trcarc.org
· CM Mediclinic
· Intouch Medicare
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